Within the EU, nearly 20 million residents (or 4% of total population) are non-EU citizens. The number of non-EU newcomers was relatively stable from 2008-2013, due to fewer labour migrants and more recognised beneficiaries of international protection. However, since the economic crisis and the implementation of austerity policies, immigrants’ situation has become precarious. Non-EU citizens' employment rates (aged 20- 64) dropped 6 points on average in the EU to 56.5% in 20141 , while their risk of poverty or social exclusion increased 4 points to 49%, twice the level for EU citizens2 . Yet integration policies have not improved significantly in the last years. On the one hand, EU has wellestablished 1st generation legislation and growing jurisprudence on anti-discrimination, labour market rights, family reunion and longterm residence. 2nd generation legislation may be passed on anti-discrimination (under negotiation since 2008) and introduced on labour migration in 2015/6. On the other hand, Member States only make a few small changes in these areas, usually when addressed directly in ECJ cases. A few countries’ laws on the books may not comply with EU standards. Further investigation must be carry out in procedures and practices, where this project has identified clear problems and data gaps. 

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