Most European states today recognize the right to the status of permanent resident (Groenendijk et al, 1998; MIPEX, 2010). The criteria for permanent residence vary between states stipulating few requirements, such as in Sweden, and states in which acquiring permanent residence is almost as difficult as becoming a citizen, such as Denmark and Germany (MIPEX, 2010).
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From Aliens to Citizens: The Political Incorporation of Immigrants
